GRUB2 (Español)
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Cubre varios aspectos de la próxima generación del GRand Unified Bootloader (GRUB2). |
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Introducción
Han habido alguno cambios en los comandos entre GRUB y GRUB2. Sería mejor que te familiarices con estos antes de proceder. Por ejemplo "find" ha sido reemplazado por "search"
http://grub.enbug.org/CommandList
Instalar el paquete Grub2
Primero instale grub2 con pacman:
# pacman -Sy grub2
Edite el archivo de configuración de grub2. El 'viejo' menu.lst es reemplazado por un nuevo archivo llamado grub.cfg:
# nano /boot/grub/grub.cfg
Aqui hay un ejemplo de un archivo configuración:
# Config file for GRUB2 - The GNU GRand Unified Bootloader # /boot/grub/grub.cfg # DEVICE NAME CONVERSIONS # # Linux Grub # ------------------------- # /dev/fd0 (fd0) # /dev/sda (hd0) # /dev/sdb2 (hd1,2) # /dev/sda3 (hd0,3) # # Timeout for menu set timeout=5 # Set default boot entry as Entry 0 set default=0 # (0) Arch Linux menuentry "Arch Linux" { set root=(hd0,1) linux /vmlinuz26 root=/dev/sda1 ro initrd /kernel26.img } ## (1) Windows #menuentry "Windows" { #set root=(hd0,3) #chainloader +1 #}
Si usted no tiene una partición de inicio separada, /boot debe ser añadido a grub.cfg. Ejemplo:
# (0) Arch Linux menuentry "Arch Linux" { set root=(hd0,1) linux /boot/vmlinuz26 root=/dev/sda1 ro initrd /boot/kernel26.img }
Si usa LVM para su directorio /boot añada lo siguiente antes de menuentries:
insmod lvm
y especifique su root en menuentries como:
set root=(su_nombre_del_grupo_lvm-su_nombre_partición_lógica_de_inicio_lvm)
Instalar o Restaurar GRUB en el Master Boot Record
GRUB puede ser instalado desde una sesión en vivo o directamente desde una instalación de Arch.
En la mayoría de los casos, instalar grub2 será tan fácil como correr el comando "grub-install" como root:
# grub-install /dev/sda
donde /dev/sda es el destino de la instalación (en este caso el MBR del primer disco SATA)
Si esto falla mostrando el error:
grub-probe: error: Cannot get the real path of `/dev/fd0' Auto-detection of a filesystem module failed. Please specify the module with the option `--modules' explicitly.
Intente añadiendo --recheck a los argumentos, asi como se muestra:
# grub-install --recheck /dev/sda
Alternativamente, se podría instalar grub2 iniciando el sistema y ejecutanto el comando grub como root:
# grub {esta sección todavía está incompleta, se deben añadir algunos pasos!!!}
(grub2 no tiene una interfaz interactiva)
Configuración del Cargador de Inicio
La configuración del GRUB es hecha en este archivo:
/boot/grub/grub.cfg
Está avisado que esta sección está incompleta, siéntase libre de añadir todas las opciones de configuración faltantes aquí!
- (hdn,m) es la partición m en el disco n, números de las particiones empiezan con 1, los números de los discos comienzan con 0
- set default=n is the default boot entry, that is choosen after timeout for user action
- set timeout=m – time m to wait in seconds for a user selection, before default is booted
- menuentry "str"{entry options} – title string str for a boot entry & basic layout
- set root=(hdn,m) – base partition, where the kernel is stored to
- linux /path ro root=/dev/device initrd /initrd.img – use the root option, if the kernel not placed in /
- chainloader +1 sets root active and gives booting procedure to its boot-loader (for Windows, e.g.)
For UUID entries:
# blkid
This gives you the UUID. We were doing the following command to set the root device:
# root=/dev/device
Instead, replace it with this:
# root=/dev/disk/by-uuid/bc285871-413 .... and so on, for your UUID.
Dual booting
These are the two most common ways of configuring the grub.cfg file. For more complex uses, feel free to add descriptions here.
With other GNU/Linux distributions
This is done exactly the same way that Arch linux is loaded. Here we assume that the other distro is on partition [s/h]da2.
menuentry "Other Linux" { set root=(hd0,2) linux /boot/vmlinuz (add other options here as required) initrd /boot/initrd.img (if the other kernel uses/needs one) }
With Windows
Add this at the end of your /boot/grub/grub.cfg. This assumes that your Windows partition is [s/h]da3.
# (2) Windows XP menuentry "Windows XP" { set root=(hd0,3) chainloader +1 }
Note, that although commonly believed to be the case, Windows 2000 and later versions do not need to be on the first partition to boot. If the Windows partition changes number (i.e. if you after install add a partition before the windows partition), you will need to edit the Windows boot.ini file to reflect the change (see this article for details on how to do that).
With Windows Vista, via EasyBCD and NeoGRUB
Since EasyBCD's NeoGRUB currently can't understand the GRUB v2 menu format, chain-load to it by replacing the contents of your "C:\NST\menu.lst" file with lines similar to the following:
default 0 timeout 1
title Chainload into GRUB v2 root (hd0,7) kernel /boot/grub/core.img
Tips and tricks
Background Image & Bitmap Fonts
GRUB2 comes with support for background images and bitmap fonts in pf2 format. The unifont font is included in the grub2 package under the filename unicode.pf2, or, as only ascii characters under the name ascii.pf2. Image formats supported include tga, png and jpeg, providing the correct modules are loaded. The maximum supported resolution depends on your hardware. A configuration sample setting a tga file as background is shown below.
if loadfont /usr/share/grub/unicode.pf2 ; then set gfxmode="1024x768x32" insmod gfxterm insmod vbe terminal_output gfxterm if terminal_output gfxterm; then true ; else terminal gfxterm fi fi insmod tga background_image /boot/grub/archlinux.tga
Menu Colors
To change the colors in GRUB2 you would specify one option in /boot/grub/grub.cfg:
color light-blue/black light-cyan/blue
These are the default colors for Arch's release of GRUB-legacy. The available colors for GRUB2 are at http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/html_node/color.html.
Hidden menu
For hiding menu put that code in grub.cfg after picture initialization but before menuentries (e.g. background_image /boot/grub/archlinux.tga).
set timeout=5
echo -n "Press ESC to see the menu... " if sleep --verbose --interruptible 5 ; then set timeout=0 fi
Troubleshooting
Any troubleshooting should be added here.
I couldn't figure out how to uninstall grub1, and install grub2 to the MBR, as it isn't being booted by default. It is still booting grub1. So, an easy work-around, is rename menu.lst.pacsave or whatever, to menu.lst (in /boot/grub/) and for each menu entry that you would like to use grub2, at the end type "chainloader +1". This will tell grub1 to forward control to grub2. This is an ugly hack though, so I advise setting the menu.lst's timout as 0, otherwise the total timeout would be grub1's time out + grub2's which, for me would equal more than 18 seconds, which is quite a bit.
P.S. hopefully someone figures out how to pry grub1's dead fingers off of my MBR, and place grub2 on it :) .
In my case it had to do with my boot partition. Say boot-partition is (hd0,1) and your root is (hd0,3) (grub2 naming). grub-setup searches for (hd0,3)/boot/grub/core.img. Just because it's on (hd0,1)/grub/core.img, it is unable to find it. So I copied the grub-folder to my root partition and everything worked fine:
Ejemplo (como root:)
# mount /boot # cp -a /boot/grub / # umount /boot # mv /grub /boot/ # grub-install /dev/sda